Abstract
This study investigated audit committee members’ perceptions of real activity manipulations (RAM) among non-financial companies listed in Nigeria between 2001 and 2018. A questionnaire was distributed to the audit committee members of 74 listed firms in Nigeria to gather their opinions on the prevalence of RAM. The study focused on three types of RAM: sales manipulation, discretionary expense manipulation, and production cost manipulation. The results indicate that two of the three
manipulations—sales and discretionary expense manipulation—were prevalent among listed firms in Nigeria during the period under review. The study recommends fostering a strong ethical culture to reduce the occurrence of RAM in listed firms.